References for Part C
Illegal fishing
Gary Stokes
Further Information and References
What is IUU Fishing?
http://www.fao.org/iuu-fishing/background/what-is-iuu-fishing/en/
Fisheries Crime
7 Dangers of Flags of Convenience (FOC) to Seafarers
https://www.itfglobal.org/en/sector/seafarers/flags-of-convenience
https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/WCMS_143251/lang–en/index.htm
http://www.fao.org/3/t0502e/T0502E01.htm
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/cyanide-fishing/
https://www.wired.co.uk/article/global-fishing-watch-false-data-windward
https://www.sustainalytics.com/esg-research/resource/investors-esg-blog/slavery-in-the-seafood-industry
https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/blood-and-water-slavery-in-the-fishing-industry-revealed
https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/forced-labour/policy-areas/fisheries/lang–en/index.htm
https://ec.europa.eu/oceans-and-fisheries/index_en
http://www.fao.org/3/w6602e/w6602e04.htm
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-015-9403-0
https://www.sbs.com.au/news/australia-s-imported-seafood-linked-to-slave-labour/c1c66ba2-2a60-4b11-bf9b-dc143aa62e91
https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/dec/14/shrimp-sold-by-global-supermarkets-is-peeled-by-slave-labourers-in-thailand
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/study-finds-seafood-mislabeled-illegal
https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-nearly-half-of-canadian-seafood-improperly-labelled-study/
https://www.economist.com/europe/2017/11/23/netherlands-fishmongers-accuse-herring-tasters-of-erring
The Scale of IUU Fishing
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6069e.pdf
https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2013/12/10/how-to-end-illegal-fishing
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004570
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211464513000948
https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=GB2013202617
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0004570
The Harms of Fisheries Crime
https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-world-fisheries-and-aquaculture-2012#:~:text=The%20State%20of%20World%20Fisheries%20and%20Aquaculture%202012%20reveals%20that,of%20their%20animal%20protein%20intake.
http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf
http://www.fao.org/3/t0502e/T0502E01.htm
https://science.jrank.org/pages/2162/Drift-Net.html
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211464513000948
https://journal-neo.org/2014/04/18/rus-transnatsional-naya-organizovannaya-prestupnost-v-sfere-ry-bolovnogo-promy-sla/
https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2593582
http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf
https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.environ.33.020807.143204
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fish-food/one-third-of-world-fish-catch-used-for-animal-feed-idUSTRE49S0XH20081029
https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/economy/moratorium-impacts.php
https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2011/05/02/milliondollar-reef-sharks
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/18366503.2013.10815747
https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/transnational-organized-crime/book241197
Shipping
Abbie Hui
Further Information and References
http://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Sulphur-2020.aspx
https://blogs.worldbank.org/transport/zero-emission-shipping-whats-it-developing-countries
https://phys.org/news/2019-06-groups-tons-fishing-nets-pacific.html
https://www.eea.europa.eu/signals/signals-2014/close-up/litter-in-our-seas
https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/exxon-valdez-oil-spill
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/torrey-canyon-oil-spill-cornwall-richard-pearce-a7633486.html
https://www.itopf.org/knowledge-resources/data-statistics/statistics/
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/oil-spills-30-years-after-exxon-valdez
Climate Change Consequences
George Ma
Further Information and References
RCP stands for Representative Concentration Pathway. The RCP2.6, a low-emissions scenario, assumes that major steps will be taken by human societies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions so that global warming will be kept below 2°C by 2100. The RCP8.5, a high-emissions scenario, assumes a ‘business as usual’ pathway, such that greenhouse gas emissions will increase rapidly throughout the 21st century, resulting in a 4°C warming by 2100
Bennett, J (2016) A Global Warming Primer: Answering Your Questions about the Science, the Consequences, and the Solutions, Big Kid Science
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2019) Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
Office for Climate Education (2020) Summary for Teachers: The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
Office for Climate Education (2019) Workshop: Ocean and Climate Change
Plastics: Definition, History and Chemical Properties
Christelle Not
Further Information and References
The Disposable Culture and Challenges with Recycling
Tracey Read
Further Information and References
https://ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-and-catalysing
https://plasticsrecycling.org/apr-design-guide
https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics-catalysing-action
https://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/waste/management/prs.htm
https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/from-a-linear-to-a-circular-economy
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/future-of-food/food-packaging-plastics-recycle-solutions/
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318567844_Production_use_and_fate_of_all_plastics_ever_made
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324926383_Advanced_approaches_to_produce_polyhydroxyalkanoate_PHA_biopolyesters_in_a_sustainable_and_economic_fashion
https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2116318/hong-kong-throws-away-52-million-bottles-every
https://www.statista.com/statistics/282732/global-production-of-plastics-since-1950/
http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_NEWPLASTICSECONOMY_2017.pdf
Macro and Micro Plastics in the Environment
Theresa Wing Ling Lam and Lincoln Fok
Further Information and References
Andrady, A L (2015), Persistence of Plastic Litter in the Oceans, Marine Anthropogenic Litter (pp. 57-72): Springer, Cham
Andrady, A L (2011), Microplastics in the Marine Environment, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8), 1596-1605
Antunes, J, Frias, J, & Sobral, P (2018), Microplastics on the Portuguese Coast, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 131, 294-302
Arthur, C, Baker, J, & Bamford, H (2009), Proceedings of the International Research Workshop on the Occurrence, Effects, and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris, September 9-11, 2008, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, WA, USA
Bancin, L J, Walther, B A, Lee, Y-C, & Kunz, A (2019), Two-dimensional Distribution and Abundance of Micro-and Mesoplastic Pollution in the Surface Sediment of Xialiao Beach, New Taipei City, Taiwan. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 140, 75-85
Barnes, D K, Walters, A, & Gonçalves, L (2010), Macroplastics at Sea Around Antarctica. Marine Environmental Research, 70(2), 250-252
Bergmann, M, Wirzberger, V, Krumpen, T, Lorenz, C, Primpke, S, Tekman, M B, & Gerdts, G (2017), High Quantities of Microplastic in Arctic Deep-sea Sediments from the HAUSGARTEN observatory. Environmental Science & Technology, 51(19), 11000-11010
Carpenter, E J, & Smith, K (1972), Plastics on the Sargasso Sea Surface, Science, 175(4027), 1240-1241
Chae, D-H, Kim, I-S, Kim, S-K, Song, Y K, & Shim, W J (2015), Abundance and Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in Surface Seawaters of the Incheon/Kyeonggi Coastal Region, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 69(3), 269-278
Cheung, P K, Fok, L, Hung, P L, & Cheung, L T (2018), Spatio-temporal Comparison of Neustonic Microplastic Density in Hong Kong Waters Under the Influence of the Pearl River Estuary, Science of the Total Environment, 628, 731-739
Chiba, S, Saito, H, Fletcher, R, Yogi, T, Kayo, M, Miyagi, S, . . . Fujikura, K (2018), Human Footprint in the Abyss: 30 year Records of Deep-sea Plastic Debris, Marine Policy, 96, 204-212
Cózar, A, Martí, E, Duarte, C M, García-de-Lomas, J, Van Sebille, E, Ballatore, T J, Echevarría, F (2017), The Arctic Ocean as a Dead End for Floating Plastics in the North Atlantic Branch of the Thermohaline Circulation, Science advances, 3(4), e1600582
de Lucia, G A, Caliani, I, Marra, S, Camedda, A, Coppa, S, Alcaro, L, . . . Cicero, A M (2014), Amount and Distribution of Neustonic Micro-plastic off the Western Sardinian Coast (Central-Western Mediterranean Sea), Marine Environmental Research, 100, 10-16
Derraik, J G (2002), The Pollution of the Marine Environment by Plastic Debris: a Review, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44(9), 842-852
Do Sul, J A I, Costa, M F, and Fillmann, G (2014), Microplastics in the Pelagic Environment Around Oceanic Islands of the Western Tropical Atlantic Ocean, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 225(7), 2004
Eriksen, M, Lebreton, L C, Carson, H S, Thiel, M, Moore, C J, Borerro, J C, . . . Reisser, J (2014), Plastic Pollution in the World’s Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea, PloS one, 9(12), e111913
Eriksen, M, Maximenko, N, Thiel, M, Cummins, A, Lattin, G, Wilson, S, . . . Rifman, S (2013), Plastic Pollution in the South Pacific Subtropical Gyre, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 68(1-2), 71-76
Faure, F, Saini, C, Potter, G, Galgani, F, De Alencastro, L F, & Hagmann, P (2015), An Evaluation of Surface Micro-and Mesoplastic Pollution in Pelagic Ecosystems of the Western Mediterranean Sea, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(16), 12190-12197
Fok, L, & Cheung, P K (2015), Hong Kong at the Pearl River Estuary: A Hotspot of Microplastic Pollution, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 99(1-2), 112-118
Fok, L, Cheung, P K, Tang, G, & Li, W C (2017), Size Distribution of Stranded Small Plastic Debris on the coast of Guangdong, South China, Environmental Pollution, 220, 407-412
Galgani, F, Hanke, G, & Maes, T (2015), Global Distribution, Composition and Abundance of Marine Litter, Marine anthropogenic litter (pp. 29-56): Springer, Cham
Jamieson, A J, Brooks, L, Reid, W, Piertney, S, Narayanaswamy, B, & Linley, T (2019), Microplastics and Synthetic Particles Ingested by Deep-sea Amphipods in Six of the Deepest Marine Ecosystems on Earth, Royal Society open science, 6(2), 180667
Karthik, R, Robin, R, Purvaja, R, Ganguly, D, Anandavelu, I, Raghuraman, R, . . . Ramesh, R (2018), Microplastics Along the Beaches of Southeast Coast of India, Science of the Total Environment, 645, 1388-1399
Lebreton, L C, Van der Zwet, J, Damsteeg, J-W, Slat, B, Andrady, A, & Reisser, J (2017), River Plastic Emissions to the World’s oceans, Nature Communications, 8, 15611
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